This inherently requires coherent signal transmission and integration within plants for coordinated transcriptional reprogramming of numerous genes in direct or indirect defense responses. Most of the defense mechanisms mentioned above are absent or only present at basal levels in plants without herbivore attack, but strongly activated upon herbivore infestation. In addition to direct defense, plants also evolved another layer of defense response termed indirect defense, in which plants produce volatiles to attract the natural enemies of herbivores. They can also be secondary metabolites, such as DIMBOA, glucosinolates, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and phenolics. These toxins can be proteinaceous, such as the protease Mir1-CP, ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), and protease inhibitors. One branch of the defense system is termed direct defense, in which plants produce toxins to fight herbivores. The plant defense response against chewing insects is bipartite. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the SRA repository (accession SRP102375).įunding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 31501325 to Hai Wang and Grant 31570272 to Zhihong Lang). Received: FebruAccepted: Published: May 16, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Wang et al. PLoS ONE 12(5):Įditor: Ricardo Aroca, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, SPAIN (2017) Transcriptome profiling revealed novel transcriptional regulators in maize responses to Ostrinia furnacalis and jasmonic acid. This study provided a comprehensive transcriptional picture for the early dynamics of maize defense responses and JA signaling, and the identification of DETFs offered potential targets for further functional genomics investigation of master regulators in maize defense responses against herbivory.Ĭitation: Wang H, Li S, Teng S, Liang H, Xin H, Gao H, et al. A transient expression assay using transfected maize protoplastswas established to examine the potential roles of DETFs in maize defense response and JA signaling, and this was used to show that ZmNAC60, an ACB- and JA-inducible DETF, represented a novel positive regulator of JA and defense pathway genes. Multiple inventories of differentially expressed transcription factors (DETFs) in each DEG group were also analyzed. Moreover, DEGs with distinct expression patterns were differentially enriched with diverse families of cis-elements on their promoters. Clustering of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) along with functional enrichment analysis revealed important biological processes regulated in response to ACB infestation and/or jasmonic acid. In this study, the genome-wide early responses in maize seedlings to Asian corn borer (ACB, Ostrinia furnacalis) and also to jasmonic acid(JA), the pivotal phytohormone controlling plant defense response against herbivory, were transcriptionally profiled by RNA-Seq. However, the complexity of the transcriptional reprogramming in plant defense response against chewing insects is still not well understood. Crop plants counteract chewing insects by transcriptionally promoting a repertoire of defense gene products that are either toxic to, or attractive to the natural enemies of, pest insects. Chewing insects cause severe yield losses in crop production worldwide.
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